--- title: "Art. 22 GDPR: Automated individual decision-making, including profiling" canonical: "https://dposchool.com/gdpr/article/22" source: "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32016R0679#art_22" source_note: "Source: Regulation (EU) 2016/679, Official Journal L 119, 4.5.2016, as corrected. Only the text published in the Official Journal is authentic. © European Union, https://eur-lex.europa.eu" text_as_of: "2026-10-28" last_reviewed: "2026-10-29" language: "en" publisher: "DPO School" --- Art. 22 GDPR · Chapter III: Rights of the data subject · Section 4: Right to object and automated individual decision-making # Article 22 GDPR: Automated individual decision-making, including profiling Text as of 28 October 2026 · [Reviewed by Sergio Maldonado Elvira on 29 October 2026](https://dposchool.com/gdpr/about#review) ## Summary (not the official text) The data subject has the right not to be subject to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, which produces legal effects or similarly significantly affects him or her, unless one of the exceptions in paragraph 2 applies. Where the decision is necessary for a contract or based on explicit consent, the controller must implement suitable safeguards, at least the right to obtain human intervention, to express one's point of view and to contest the decision. ## Official text ### Article 22(1) **1.** The data subject shall have the right not to be subject to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, which produces legal effects concerning him or her or similarly significantly affects him or her. ### Article 22(2) **2.** Paragraph 1 shall not apply if the decision: #### Article 22(2)(a) **(a)** is necessary for entering into, or performance of, a contract between the data subject and a data controller; #### Article 22(2)(b) **(b)** is authorised by Union or Member State law to which the controller is subject and which also lays down suitable measures to safeguard the data subject's rights and freedoms and legitimate interests; or #### Article 22(2)(c) **(c)** is based on the data subject's explicit consent. ### Article 22(3) **3.** In the cases referred to in points (a) and (c) of paragraph 2, the data controller shall implement suitable measures to safeguard the data subject's rights and freedoms and legitimate interests, at least the right to obtain human intervention on the part of the controller, to express his or her point of view and to contest the decision. ### Article 22(4) **4.** Decisions referred to in paragraph 2 shall not be based on special categories of personal data referred to in Article 9(1), unless point (a) or (g) of Article 9(2) applies and suitable measures to safeguard the data subject's rights and freedoms and legitimate interests are in place. ## Source Source: Regulation (EU) 2016/679, Official Journal L 119, 4.5.2016, as corrected. Only the text published in the Official Journal is authentic. © European Union, https://eur-lex.europa.eu [Article 22 on EUR-Lex](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32016R0679#art_22) Text as of 28 October 2026. This is reference material, not legal advice. ## Related recitals This list is under review. - [Recital 70](https://dposchool.com/gdpr/recital/70) - [Recital 71](https://dposchool.com/gdpr/recital/71) ## Court of Justice judgments ### [C-203/22, CK v Magistrat der Stadt Wien](https://dposchool.com/gdpr/case/c-203-22) Judgment of 27 February 2025 · ECLI:EU:C:2025:117 For automated decisions, 'meaningful information about the logic involved' means explaining the procedure and principles actually applied, in an understandable way; where trade secrets or third-party data are claimed, the controller must give them to the authority or court to balance. [CURIA](https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?num=C-203/22&language=en) · [EUR-Lex](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:62022CJ0203) ### [C-634/21, OQ v Land Hessen](https://dposchool.com/gdpr/case/c-634-21) Judgment of 7 December 2023 · ECLI:EU:C:2023:957 Automated credit scoring by a credit agency is itself an automated individual decision under Art. 22(1) where a third party, such as a bank, draws strongly on the score to decide whether to contract with the person. [CURIA](https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?num=C-634/21&language=en) · [EUR-Lex](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:62021CJ0634) ## EDPB guidance ### [Guidelines 3/2025 on the interplay between the DSA and the GDPR](https://dposchool.com/gdpr/guidance/edpb-03-2025) EDPB 03/2025 · Final · First published 12 September 2025 · Final version 17 September 2026 Version 2 is final. [Document on the EDPB website](https://www.edpb.europa.eu/documents/guideline/guidelines-32025-on-the-interplay-between-the-dsa-and-the-gdpr_en) ### [Guidelines on automated individual decision-making and profiling for the purposes of Regulation 2016/679](https://dposchool.com/gdpr/guidance/wp251-rev-01) WP251 rev.01 · Final · Endorsed by the EDPB 25 May 2018 Date is the EDPB endorsement date. [Document on the EDPB website](https://www.edpb.europa.eu/documents/guideline/automated-decision-making-and-profiling_en) ## Fines Amounts are shown in the currency in which the fine was imposed. ### [Foodinho s.r.l.: EUR 5,000,000](https://dposchool.com/gdpr/fine/garante-foodinho-2024-11) Garante per la protezione dei dati personali, Italy · Decision of 13 November 2024 · Appeal status: unknown Glovo-group delivery platform geolocated over 35,000 riders even off shift, used facial recognition for identity checks, made automated decisions (including deactivations) without safeguards, and let other group companies see rider data. [Source: the authority](https://www.garanteprivacy.it/home/docweb/-/docweb-display/docweb/10074601) ### [Deliveroo Italy s.r.l.: EUR 2,500,000](https://dposchool.com/gdpr/fine/garante-deliveroo-2021-07) Garante per la protezione dei dati personali, Italy · Decision of 22 July 2021 · Appeal status: unknown Food-delivery platform managed about 8,000 riders through opaque algorithms (booking and work allocation), collected excessive data including location, and lacked a DPIA and proper records. [Source: the authority](https://www.garanteprivacy.it/home/docweb/-/docweb-display/docweb/9685994) ## Navigation [GDPR Navigator](https://dposchool.com/gdpr) / [Chapter III](https://dposchool.com/gdpr/chapter/3) / Article 22 Previous: [Art. 21 GDPR: Right to object](https://dposchool.com/gdpr/article/21) Next: [Art. 23 GDPR: Restrictions](https://dposchool.com/gdpr/article/23) Studying the GDPR? 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